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"Ginkgo" (Ginkgo biloba; '銀杏' in Chinese),
frequently misspelled as "Gingko", and also known as the Maidenhair Tree, is
a unique tree with no close living relatives. It is classified in its own
division, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order
Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae, genus Ginkgo and is the only extant species
within this group. It is one of the best known examples of a living fossil.
In the past it has also been placed in the divisions Spermatophyta or
Pinophyta. Ginkgo is a gymnosperm: its seeds are not protected by an ovary
wall. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are
technically not fruits, but are the seeds having a shell that consists of a
soft and fleshy section (the sarcotesta), and a hard section (the
sclerotesta). For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in at least two small areas in Zhejiang province in eastern China, in the Tian Mu Shan Reserve. However, as this area has known human activity for over a thousand years, the wild status of ginkgos there is uncertain. [more] |
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Medical uses
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The extract of the Ginkgo leaves contains
flavonoid glycosides and terpenoids (ginkgolides,
bilobalides) and has been used pharmaceutically. It has many alleged
nootropic properties, and is mainly used as memory enhancer and anti-vertigo
agent. However, studies differ about its efficacy. Out of the many conflicting research results, Ginkgo extract seems to have three effects on the human body: it improves blood flow (including microcirculation in small capillaries) to most tissues and organs; it protects against oxidative cell damage from free radicals; and it blocks many of the effects of PAF (platelet aggregation, blood clotting) that have been related to the development of a number of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and CNS (Central Nervous System) disorders. Ginkgo can be used for intermittent claudication. A 2004 conference paper summarizes how various trials indicate that Ginkgo shows promise in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, although further study is needed. Ginkgo is commonly added to energy drinks, but the amount is typically so low it does not produce a noticeable effect, except perhaps via a placebo effect from Ginkgo being listed on the label. Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40–200 mg per day. |
Side effects
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Ginkgo may have some undesirable effects, especially for
individuals with blood circulation disorders and those taking
anti-coagulants such as aspirin and warfarin, although recent studies have
found that ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or
pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Ginkgo should also not be used by people who
are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) or by pregnant women without
first consulting a doctor. Ginkgo side effects and cautions include: possible increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, and restlessness. If any side effects are experienced, consumption should be halted immediately. |
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